Bone
Bone can heal and regenerate when orthopedic surgeons use porous scaffold materials with or without growth factors and cells. 3D-bioprinted bone scaffolds, were used to reach successfully the object. Using 3D bioprinting, an anatomically shaped scaffold can be created to match the actual defect of patients based on the medical imaging data.
Cartilage
Cartilage is an a neural and avascular tissue containing few cells. Articular cartilage is composed of different regions with differing properties, sizes and morphology. 3D bioprinting technology is the right technique for cartilage regeneration. 3D-bioprinted constructs have also demonstrated some in vivo success in repairing cartilage defects.
Skin
In skin injuries, autograft, allograft, wound dressing, and tissue-engineered substitutes are the current treatment choices. A skin inkjet bioprinting method using Collagen precursor, keratinocytes and fibroblasts, printed in a layer-by-layer manner, has been developed and the 3D-bioprinted skin showed similar morphology and histology to native skin layers prior to in vivo implantation.
Vascular
Several 3D bioprinting techniques are used to form vascular channels from sacrificial channels to vessel-like constructs. All these channels were lined with endothelial cells and perfused with blood under high-pressure pulsatile flow.
Nerve
To facilitate nerve regeneration neural stem cells, collagen hydrogel and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-releasing fibrin gel were printed to construct an artificial neural tissue. The 3D bioprinting technology can be used to create nerve graft with multi-lumen channels. Bioprinting is considered a promising approach to nerve graft fabrication and to nerve regeneration.
Trachea
A 3D bioprinted scaffold in PCL coated with MSCs in fibrin was used for tracheal reconstruction in an in vivo tracheal defect model. The bioprinted trachea was remodeled and covered with regenerated respiratory, allowing basic respiratory functions. 3D bioprinting and medical imaging used together can create patient-specific tissues for implantation.
Cardiac tissue
Heart valve
Heart valve is particularly suitable for 3D bioprinting technology and micro-extrusion MOC bioprinters nozzles were used for manufacturing cellularised heart valves for clinical use.